Chris Lamprecht (aka "Minor Threat") turns into the primary person banned from accessing the Internet by a US District Court choose in Texas Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients begin a bonfire beneath a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July) Numerous Net associated companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share worth (9 August) Registration of domains is not free. Beginning 14 September, a $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for .gov The Vatican comes on-line (http://www.vatican.va/) The Canadian Government comes on-line (http://canada.gc.ca/) The first official Internet wiretap was profitable in serving to the secret Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) apprehend three people who were illegally manufacturing and promoting cellular phone cloning tools and digital devices Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, troopers in the sector with their families back home via the Internet. Richard White turns into the primary person to be declared a munition, under the USA's arms export control legal guidelines, because of an RSA file safety encryption program tattooed on his arm (:wired496:) RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, internet, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative instruments Hacks of the Year: The Spot (Jun 12), Hackers Movie Page (12 Aug) 1996 Internet telephones catch the attention of US telecommunication firms who ask the US Congress to ban the expertise (which has been round for years) Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat, and Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten minutes in an internet interactive chat session on 17 January. The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes legislation in the US so as to prohibit distribution of indecent supplies over the online. A couple of months later a 3-decide panel imposes an injunction in opposition to its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it unconstitutional in 1997. BackRub, Google's precursor, comes online 9,272 organizations discover themselves unlisted after the InterNIC drops their title service as a result of not having paid their domain name fee Various ISPs endure extended service outages, bringing into question whether or not they will be capable to handle the rising variety of customers. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (thirteen hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - electronic mail only) Domain name television.com offered to CNET for US$15,000 New York's Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated SYN assaults by a cracker utilizing methods outlined in a hacker magazine (2600) MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the efficient speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans so as to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .net, .arts, .rec, .data, .nom. The IAHC plan additionally requires a competing group of domain registrars worldwide. A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages The WWW browser struggle, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a brand new age in software program development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users keen to test upcoming (beta) versions. Internet2 undertaking is kicked off by representatives from 34 universities on 1 Oct (:msb:) RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths Restrictions on Internet use world wide: China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police Germany: cuts off entry to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals Singapore: requires political and religious content providers to register with the state New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that may be censored and seized source: Human Rights Watch Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (Tv), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (Ad), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Justice (17 Aug), CIA (19 Sep), Air Force (29 Dec), UK Labour Party (6 Dec), NASA DDCSOL - USAFE - US Air Force (30 Dec) Technologies of the Year: Search engines like google and yahoo, JAVA, Internet Phone Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer) 1997 2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards" 71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing checklist listing The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas at present handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), beginning March 1998. CA*internet II launched in June to offer Canada's next technology Internet using ATM/SONET In protest of the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC's owner, Eugene Kashpureff, hacks DNS so users going to www.internic.net find yourself at www.alternic.web Domain title business.com bought for US$150,000 Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the DNS desk for .com and .web domains to turn into corrupted, making thousands and thousands of techniques unreachable. Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA 101,803 Name Servers in whois database RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), R of Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), Heard and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories (TF), British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), St Pierre and Miquelon (PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island (AC), US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), Tokelau Islands (TK), Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island (CC), Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), DR of Congo (CD) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, web, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil Hacks of the Year: Indonesian Govt (19 Jan, 10 Feb, 24 Apr, 30 Jun, 22 Nov), NASA (5 Mar), UK Conservative Party (27 Apr), Spice Girls (14 Nov) Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies: Push 1998 Hobbes' Internet Timeline is released as RFC 2235 & FYI 32 US Depart of Commerce (DoC) releases the Green Paper outlining its plan to privatize DNS on 30 January. That is followed up by a White Paper on June 5 La Fête de l'Internet, a country-wide Internet fest, is held in France 20-21 March Web dimension estimates range between 275 (Digital) and 320 (NEC) million pages for 1Q Companies flock to the Turkmenistan NIC in an effort to register their identify below the .tm domain, the English abbreviation for trademark Internet customers get to be judges in a efficiency by 12 world champion ice skaters on 27 March, marking the primary time a television sport show's end result is decided by its viewers. Network Solutions registers its 2 millionth domain on 4 May Electronic postal stamps grow to be a reality, with the US Postal Service permitting stamps to be bought and downloaded for printing from the net. Canada kicks off CA*internet 3, the primary national optical web CDA II and a ban on Net taxes are signed into US regulation (21 October) ABCNews.com unintentionally posts take a look at US election returns sooner or later early (2 November) Indian ISP market is deregulated in November causing a rush for ISP operation licenses US DoC enters into an settlement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers (ICANN) to establish a process for transitioning DNS from US Government administration to business (25 November) San Francisco sites without off-metropolis mirrors go offline as the town blacks out on 8 December Chinese government places Lin Hai on trial for "inciting the overthrow of state power" for offering 30,000 e mail addresses to a US Internet magazine (December) [ He's later sentenced to two years in jail ] French Internet customers hand over their entry on 13 December to boycott France Telecom's local phone charges (that are along with the ISP cost) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Altavista.com (3.3M) to Compaq Open source software program comes of age RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0) Country domains registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM) Bandwidth Generators: Winter Olympics (Feb), World Cup (Jun-Jul), Starr Report (11 Sep), Glenn house launch Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, web, edu, mil, jp, us, uk ,de, ca, au Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Commerce (20 Feb), New York Times (13 Sep), China Society for Human Rights Studies (26 Oct), UNICEF (7 Jan) Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection 1999 Internet entry becomes out there to the Saudi Arabian (.sa) public in January vBNS units up an OC48 hyperlink between CalREN South and North utilizing Juniper M40 routers IBM turns into the first Corporate accomplice to be authorized for Internet2 entry European Parliament proposes banning the caching of Web pages by ISPs The Internet Fiesta kicks off in March throughout Europe, constructing on the success of La Fête de l'Internet held in 1998 US State Court rules that domain names are property that could be garnished MCI/Worldcom, the vBNS provider for NSF, begins upgrading the US backbone to 2.5Gbps A forged Web page made to appear to be a Bloomberg financial news story raised shares of a small technology firm by 31% on 7 April. ICANN declares the 5 testbed registrars for the competitive Shared Registry System on 21 April: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, Melbourne IT, Register.com. 29 further post-testbed registrars are additionally selected on 21 April, adopted by 8 on 25 May, 15 on 6 July, and so forth for a complete of 98 by 12 months's end. The testbed, originally scheduled to last till 24 June, is extended till 10 September, and then 30 November. The primary registrar to return online is Register.com on 7 June SETI@Home launches on 17 May and within four weeks its distributed Internet purchasers provide more computing energy than the most powerful supercomputer of its time (:par:) First massive-scale Cyberwar takes place simultaneously with the conflict in Serbia/Kosovo Abilene, the Internet2 community, reaches across the Atlantic and connects to NORDUnet and SURFnet The web becomes the focal point of British politics as an inventory of MI6 brokers is launched on a UK Web site. Though compelled to take away the listing from the location, it was too late because the list had already been replicated across the net. (15 May) Activists Net-wide target the world's financial centers on 18 June, timed to coincide with the G8 Summit. Little precise impact is reported. MCI/Worldcom launches vBNS+, a commercialized version of vBNS focused at smaller educational and analysis institutions DoD points a memo requiring all US military methods to attach via NIPRNET, and not directly to the Internet by 15 Dec 1999 (22 Aug) Somalia will get its first ISP - Olympic Computer (Sep) ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF). Vint Cerf serves as first chair Free computers are all the craze (as long as you signal a long term contract for Net service) Country domains registered: Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS) vBNS reaches one zero one connections US$1M+ Domain Sales: enterprise.com (7.5M on 30 Nov), Wine.com (2.9M), Autos.com (2.2M), WallStreet.com (1M in Apr) RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs RFC 2626: The Internet and the Millennium Problem (Year 2000) Top 10 TLDs by Host #: com, web, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au Hacks of the Year: Star Wars (8 Jan), .tp (Jan), USIA (23 Jan), E-Bay (13 Mar), US Senate (27 May), NSI (2 Jul), Paraguay Gov't (20 Jul), AntiOnline (5 Aug), Microsoft (26 Oct), UK Railtrack (31 Dec) Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 Emerging Technologies: Net-Cell Phones, Thin Computing, Embedded Computing Viruses of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June) 2000s

2000 The US timekeeper (USNO) and some other time companies around the world report the brand new year as 19100 on 1 Jan A large denial of service attack is launched towards main websites, including Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February Web size estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion indexable pages ICANN redelegates the .pn domain, returning it to the Pitcairn Island neighborhood (February) Internet2 backbone community deploys IPv6 (sixteen May) Various area identify hijackings took place in late May and early June, including internet.com, bali.com, and web.web A testbed permitting the registration of domain names in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean begins operation on 9 November. This testbed, created by VeriSign without IETF authorization, only allows the second-stage area to be non-English, nonetheless forcing use of .com, .internet, .org. The Chinese government blocks inner registrations, stating that registrations in Chinese are its sovereignty proper ICANN selects new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .data, .museum, .title, .professional (sixteen Nov) Mexico's connection to Internet2 turns into totally operational because the California analysis community (CalREN-2) is linked with Mexico's Corporación Universitaria para el Desarrollo de Internet (CUDI) network. Though linked in November, the link's inauguration by California's Governor and Mexico's President was not till March of 2001. After months of authorized proceedings, the French court docket guidelines Yahoo! must block French customers from accessing hate memorabilia in its public sale site (Nov). Given its inability to supply such a block on the web, Yahoo! removes these auctions solely (Jan 2001). The case is eventually thrown out (Feb 2003). The European Commission contracts with a consortium of 30 nationwide analysis networks for the development of Géant, Europe's new gigabit analysis network meant to boost the present functionality offered by TEN-155 (6 Nov) Australian authorities endorses the switch of authority for the .au domain to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN signs over control to auDA on 26 Oct 2001. US$1M+ Domain Sales: AsSeenOnTV.com (5.1M) RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite Hacks of the Year: RSA Security (Feb), Apache (May), Western Union (Sep), Microsoft (Oct) Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster Emerging Technologies: Wireless gadgets, IPv6 Viruses of the Year: Love Letter (May) Lawsuits of the Year: Napster, DeCSS 2001 The first stay distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman -- over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb VeriSign extends its multilingual domain testbed to encompass numerous European languages (26 Feb), and later the complete Unicode character set (5 Apr) opening up most of the world's languages Forwarding electronic mail in Australia becomes unlawful with the passing of the Digital Agenda Act, as it's seen as a technical infringement of private copyright (four Mar) Radio stations broadcasting over the web go silent over actor royalty disputes (10 Apr) High faculties in 5 states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington) turn out to be the first to gain Internet2 entry US Dept of Commerce issues a discover of intent on 6 April to turn over management for the .edu domain from VeriSign to Educause. Award settlement is reached on 29 October. Community schools will lastly be capable to register under .edu Napster keeps discovering itself embroiled in litigation and is finally compelled to suspend service; it comes again later within the year as a subscription service European Council finalizes a global cybercrime treaty on 22 June and adopts it on 9 November. This is the primary treaty addressing criminal offenses dedicated over the Internet. .biz and .information are added to the basis server on 27 June with registrations starting in July. .biz domain go dwell on 7 Nov. Afghanistan's Taliban bans Internet entry country-vast, including from Government workplaces, in an attempt to manage content material (thirteen Jul) Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate 1000's of web servers and e mail accounts, respectively, inflicting a spike in Internet bandwidth utilization and security breaches (July) A fireplace in a prepare tunnel working by means of Baltimore, Maryland seriously damages numerous fiber-optic cable bundles used by spine providers, disrupting Internet visitors within the Mid-Atlantic states and creating a ripple impact throughout the US (18 Jul) Brazil RNP2 is connected to Internet2's Abilene over 45Mbps line (21 Aug) GÉANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, becomes operational (23 Oct), changing the TEN-155 community which was closed down (30 Nov) .museum begins resolving (Nov) First uncompressed actual-time gigabit HDTV transmission across a large-space IP network takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov). Dutch SURFnet and Internet2's Abilene join through gigabit ethernet (15 Nov) .us area operational accountability assumed by NeuStar (20 Nov) Email relay established by Sili Bank between Pyongyang, North Korea and Shenyang, China US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16.M in Dec) RFC 3091: Pi Digit Generation Protocol RFC 3092: Etymology of "Foo" RFC 3093: Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP) Viruses of the Year: Code Red (Jul), Nimda (Sep), SirCam (Jul), BadTrans (Apr, Nov) Emerging Technologies: Grid Computing, P2P 2002 US ISP Association (USISPA) is created from the former CIX (11 Jan) .title begins resolving (15 Jan) .coop registrations start (30 Jan) Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) is formed composed of two OC-forty eight 2.4GB circuits connecting Internet2 Abiline, CANARIE CA*net3, and GÉANT (18 Feb) .aero registrations start 18 March and beings resolving 2 September Federally acknowledged US Indian tribes change into eligible to register below .gov (26 Apr) Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest of proposed song royalty charge will increase (1 May) The very best wi-fi network in the northeast US is deployed by this Timeline's writer. The photo voltaic-powered community bridges Mounts Washington and Wildcat in New Hampshire Abilene (Internet2) spine deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug) The 69/eight IP range is allocated to ARIN in August after having been within the bogon record; users and servers assigned a 69/eight handle discover themselves blocked from many Internet websites Internet2 now has 200 college, 60 company, and 40 affiliate members (2 Sep) Having your personal Blog turns into hip Hundreds of Spain-primarily based websites take their content offline in protest of a brand new law that took effect on 12 Oct requiring all commercial Web pages to register with the government A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack struck the 13 DNS root servers knocking out all however 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst national security considerations, VeriSign hastens a planned relocation of one among its two DNS root servers A new US law creates a children-protected "dot-children" area (children.us) to be implemented in 2003 (three Dec) The FBI teams up with Terras Lycos to disseminate digital wished posts throughout the net portal's properties (11 Dec) RFC 3251: Electricity over IP RFC 3252: Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 2003 Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 Jan. Transition is completed on 27 Jan. By giving up .org, VeriSign is able to retain control over .com domains The primary official Swiss on-line election takes place in Anières (7 Jan) The registration for domain ogrish.com is deleted (11 Jan) by the German registrar Joker.com at the request of a German prosecutor claiming objectionable content material; the location nonetheless is hosted in the United States and complies with US legal guidelines. The SQL Slammer worm causes one of the biggest and fastest spreading DDoS assaults ever. Taking roughly 10 minutes to spread worldwide, the worm took down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers along with tens of 1000's of other servers, and impacted a multitude of programs ranging from (financial institution) ATM systems to air visitors control to emergency (911) techniques (25 Jan). That is followed in August by the Sobig.F virus (19 Aug), the fastest spreading virus ever, and the Blaster (MSBlast) worm (eleven Aug), another probably the most destructive worms ever Columbia University Professor Tim Wu coins the term Net Neutrality ok.root-servers.net modifications to utilizing nsd vs. bind to extend variety of software program in the root title server system (19 Feb) .nl registrations open as much as anyone, together with individuals and foreigners (29 Jan); .se also opens up its registration in April. .af is redelegated on eight Jan and becomes live once once more on 12 Feb with UNDP technical help. First domains are moc.gov.af and undp.org.af (15 Feb) .pro sunrise registration begins 23 Apr under .cpa.professional, .legislation.professional, .med.professional Flash mobs, organized over the net, begin in New York and quickly kind in cities worlwide Taxes make headlines as: bigger US Internet retailers begin collecting taxes on all purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the EU requires all Internet companies to collect value added tax (VAT) on digital downloads starting 1 July The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word "e-mail" by authorities ministries, and adopts the usage of the extra French sounding "courriel" (Jul) KRNIC begins providing Hangeul.kr domains (19 Aug) .children.us sunrise registration begins 17 June and public registration on 9 Sep The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 individuals on eight Sep for allegedly distributing copyright music files over peer-to-peer networks VeriSign deploys a wildcard service (Site Finder) into the .com and .internet TLDs inflicting a lot confusion as URLs with invalid domains are redirected to a VeriSign web page (15 Sep). ICANN orders VeriSign to stop the service, which they adjust to on 4 Oct Last Abilene section upgraded to 10Gbps (5 Nov) National LambdaRail introduced as a brand new US R&D networking infrastructure (sixteen Sep). The primary connection takes place between Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) and Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) in Chicago (18 Nov) Little GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) starts operations (22 Dec), consisting of a networked ring throughout the northern hemisphere with connections in Chicago, Amsterdam, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Zabajkal'sk, Manzhouli, Beijing, and Hong Kong. This is the primary-ever fiber community connections across the Russia-China border RFC 3514: The security Flag in the IPv4 Header (The Evil Bit) 2004 For the primary time, there are extra instances of DNS root servers outdoors the US with the launch of an anycast instance of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server Abiline, the Internet2 backbone, improve from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is completed (4 Feb) Thefacebook launches (four Feb) Network Solutions begins providing one hundred year domain registration (24 Mar) One of the .ly nameservers stops responding (7 Apr) causing the other nameserver to go offline (9 Apr), making the domain inaccessible. Service is restored 13 Apr ICANN authorizes new gTLDs: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, and .journey VeriSign Naming and Directory Service (VNDS) begins updating all 13 .com/.internet authoritative identify servers in near real-time vs. twice each day (eight Sep) Lycos Europe releases a display saver to assist battle spam by maintaining spam servers busy with requests (1 Dec). The service is discontinued inside just a few days after spine providers block entry to the obtain site and the service causes some servers to crash. Verizon begins blocking all electronic mail site visitors from European ISPs on 22 Dec in an try and abate spam from the area into its US network CERNET2, the first backbone IPv6 network in China, is launched by the China Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at speeds of 1-10Gbps (27 Dec) US$1M+ Domain Sales: CreditCards.com (2.75M) Emerging Technologies: Social networking, Web mashups RFC 3751: Omniscience Protocol Requirements 2005 .jobs, .mobi, and .travel begin accepting registrations .se turns into the first ccTLD to implement DNSSEC Estonia offers Internet voting nationally for local elections Pakistan suffers a near complete Internet outage as a submarine cable turns into defective (Jun) Two feuding providers (Cogent, Level 3) sever their peering connection leading to many customers from one provider not being able to entry assets on the other's community (Oct) Number of Internet customers reaches 1 Billion (Oct) .eu (European Union) launches on 7 Dec US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fish.com (1.02M) RFC 4041: Requirements for Morality Sections in Routing Area Drafts RFC 4042: UTF-9 and UTF-18 Efficient Transformation Formats of Unicode 2006 .cat registrations start for Catalan-associated domains Zimbabwe looses most of its Internet entry after its satellite connectivity is lower by the provider for non-cost ICANN lifts worth controls on .biz, .info, and .org domains, after the same was carried out for .internet in 2005, raising fears of tiered pricing the place well-liked domains would cost extra US Government prohibits non-public (anonymized) domain registrations for .us after 26 Jan First tweet is distributed out by Jack Dorsey (21 Mar) -- "simply establishing my twttr" ICANN board votes towards .xxx TLD (10 May), solely to approve it five years later The 6bone, an IPv6 testbed, is phased out after 10 years operation (6 Jun) .ax (Åland Islands) ccTLD comes into service on 15 Aug .cm registry implements wildcard domains redirecting all .com typos to its own web page (Aug) Internet2 connectivity begins switching from Abilene to its new network (Nov) Internet connectivity to southeast Asia is severely restricted after major fiber optic lines are severely damaged by an earthquake in Taiwan and subsequent underwater muslides (Dec) North Korean e-mail relay upgraded to an at all times-on connection US$1M+ Domain Sales: Sex.com (14M?), Diamond.com (7.5M), Vodka.com (3M), Cameras.com (1.5M) Emerging Technologies: Cloud computing 2007 ICANN drops .um domain title (US minor outlying islands) for lack of use (Jan) Estonia offers the primary online nationwide parliamentary elections on 26-28 Feb ICANN terminates RegisterFly.com's registrar standing on 16 Mar (effective 31 Mar) Internet2 site visitors in the Northeast US is disrupted on 1 May when a homeless man starts a fireplace under a Boston bridge causing a fiber break Use of #hashtag proposed by Tweeter person number 1,186, Chris Messina (23 Aug) Internet2's Abilene community is retired (Sep) as the final connections are switched over to the new Level 3 network Internet2 completes US East to West coast span of its 100GB/s community on 9 Oct .asia sunrise interval begins in October US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porn.com (9.5M), Computer.com (2.1M), Seniros.com (1.8M), Tandberg.com (1.5M), Scores.com, Vista.com (1.25M), Chinese.com (1.12M), Guy.com (1M), Topix.com (1M) RFC 4824: The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the Semaphore Flag Signaling System (SFSS) 2008 NASA successfully tests the first deep space communications network modeled on the web, using the Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) software to transmit images to/from a science spacecraft ~20 million miles above Earth Google's crawler reaches 1 trillion pages, although only a fraction are listed by the search engine. For comparability, Google's original index had 26 million pages in 1998, and reached 1 billion in 2000 The Middle East, India, and other components of Africa and Asia see a major degradation in Internet service, including outages, after several undersea cables carrying Internet visitors to the region are minimize inside 1 week (Jan-Feb) IPv6 addresses are added for the first time to six of the basis zone servers (four Feb) YouTube turns into unreacheable for a few hours after Pakistan Telecom begins an unauthorized announcement of YouTube's subnet prefix (24 Feb) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fund.com (9.9M), Clothes.com (4.9M), Shopping.de (2.8M), Kredit.de (1.17M), Cruises.co.uk (1.09M), Invest.com (1.01M) RFC 5241: Naming Rights in IETF Protocols RFC 5242: A Generalized Unified Character Code: Western European and CJK Sections 2009 DNSSEC becomes operational on .gov (28 Feb), .org (2 Jun), .us (15 Dec) .tel registrations begin Bitcoins start being minted US Department of Commerce relaxes management over ICANN, in favor of a multi-national oversight group Domain tasting gets severely curtailed after ICANN raises the 2008-introduced payment for erroneously registered domains from $0.20 to $6.95; area kiting nevertheless conitnues Twitter is requested by the US Government to delay deliberate maintenance of its service on 15 June as a result of heavy use by Iranian customers during unrest in that nation .se domains change into unreachable for an hour on 12 Oct after an incorrectly configured software program update modifies all registrations ICANN opens up purposes for internationalized domains (sixteen Nov) Crowdfunding becomes a popular means of raising startup funds; Kickstart founded on April 28 Emerging Technologies: Location awareness US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16M in Oct), Toys.com (5.1M in Feb), Auction.com (1.7M in Mar), Candy.com (3M in Jun), Webcam.com (1.02M in Jun), Fly.com (1.76M), Call.com (1.1M in Sep), Ticket.com (1.53M in Oct), Russia.com (1.5M in Dec) RFC 5513: IANA Considerations for 3 Letter Acronyms RFC 5514: IPv6 over Social Networks 2010s

2010 Astronaut T.J. Creamer inaugurates the new International Space Station direct hyperlink to the Internet (aka Crew Support LAN) with a tweet (22 Jan) -- "Hello Twitterverse! We r now Live tweeting from the International Space Station -- the first stay tweet from Space! :) More quickly, ship your ?s" A Chinese root DNS server is taken offline after disrupting some companies in Chile and US (Mar) Google proclaims on 22 January that along with 20+ different US corporations, it had been the goal of a cyber attack originating in China, and on 22 March stops censoring its providers in China Google+ service launches in public beta on 28 June; surpasses 10M customers in Jul 2011, 100M in Feb 2012, and 400M in Sep 2012 Root DNS zone digitally signed (DNSSEC) for first time (15 Jul) Variety of registered area reach 200M (~ Aug) A BGP experiment between RIPE NCC and Duke U results in a partial Internet outage (27 Aug) US Senate authorizes US Dept of Homeland Security to seize domains of sites suspected of piracy (Nov) Myanmar is quickly taken offline by a denial of service assault (Nov) Verisign announced DNSSEC deployed to .internet (10 Dec) Photo-sharing sees a renewal with the launch of social-based mostly providers such as Pinterest and Instagram US$1M+ Domain Sales: Poker.org (1M in Feb), Flying.com (1.1M in Apr), Photo.com (1.25M in May), Dating.com (1.75M in Jun), Slots.com (5.5M in Jun), fb.com (8.5M in Sep), Zip.com (1.6M in Oct), Sex.com (13M on 17 Nov) RFC 5841: TCP Option to denote Packet Mood 2011 LinkedIn reaches 100M users (Mar); surpasses 200M in Jan 2013 Egypt shuts down its last ISP on 31 Jan and remains offline for two days Number Resource Organization (NRO) announces full depletion of out there IPv4 addresses free pool (3 Feb) US Dept of Homeland Defense seizes 10 domains, including mistakenly mooo.com which hosted 84,000 web pages and remain unavailable for 2 days (eleven Feb) Internet site visitors in Lybia is considerably curtailed for several days in February APNIC releases final block of IPv4 deal with in its available pool (14 Apr) .xxx goes dwell in root servers (15 Apr) First non-Latin TLDs (IDN) are inserted into root zone (5 May): مصر (Egypt), السعودية (AlSaudiah), امارات (Emarat) Millions of .de domains unreachable for hours (12 May) World IPv6 Day is eight June Variety of Internet users reaches 2 Billion (Nov) US$1M+ Domain Sales: DomainName.com (1M in May), Social.com (2.6M in Jul), Box.com (1M in Jul) RFC 5984: Increasing Throughput in IP Networks with ESP-Based Forwarding: ESPBasedForwarding RFC 6214: Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6 RFC 6217: Regional Broadcast Using an Atmospheric Link Layer 2012 ICANN begins accepting functions for brand new generic high-level domains (gTLDs) on 12 Jan Facebook reaches 1 billion monthly lively customers (604M cell) on 14 Sep @ 12:50pm PT, with 581M day by day on common Amazon becomes the biggest internet hosting location by number of net-dealing with computers (118k), knocking China Telecom from first place (116k) Canadian on-line sports playing company Bodog has its .com domain name ceased by US Dept of Homeland Security, inflicting concern among worldwide companies that could be afoul of US legal guidelines and whose TLDs have US registries World IPv6 Launch is 6 June Minitel shuts down at the top of June GoDaddy service goes down, making millions of sites inaccessible for a number of hours (10 Sep) RIPE NCC distributes last blocks of IPv4 address area from obtainable pool (14 Sep) Twitter surpasses 200M energetic users (Dec), and 500M tweets per day (Oct) NASA's Curiosity Rover checks-in on FourSquare from Mars (3 Oct) PKNIC is hacked and 284 Pakistani internet sites, together with apple.pk and google.pk, seem defaced (24 Nov) Syria is disconnected from the Internet for 2 days (29 Nov - 1 Dec) "Gangnam Style" turns into the first YouTube video to reach 1 billion views (21 Dec) US$1M+ Domain Sales: PersonalLoans.com (1M in Feb), GiftCard.com (4M in Oct), Investing.com (2.45M in Dec) RFC 6592: The Null Packet RFC 6593: Service Undiscovery Using Hide-and-Go-Seek for the Domain Pseudonym System (DPS) 2013 Netflix and YouTube account for over 50% of Internet site visitors measured by bytes New gTLDs added to area name root zone (24 Oct): شبكة (web), онлайн (on-line), сайт (site), and 游戏 (game) US National Security Agency (NSA) is revealed to be gathering considerable extra Internet information than beforehand thought, including encrypted information from major Internet websites Yahoo hacked with credentials of 3 billion accounts stolen, not found until years later US$1M+ Domain Sales: ig.com (4.7M in Sep), 114.com (2.1M in Jul), ebet.com (1.35M in Oct), kk.com (2.4M in Nov) RFC 6919: Further Key Words for use in RFCs to indicate Requirement Levels RFC 6921: Design Considerations for Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Communication The number of Internet hosts surpass 1billion (see chart beneath) 2014 Many of the Internet traffic in China is redirected to US-based Dynamic Internet Technology for over an hour (21 Jan) Registration begins for the primary few of lots of new Latin gTLDs, together with .guru, .bike, .clothing, .holdings, .ventures, .singles, and .plumbing (29 Jan) .py ccTLD hacked -- full whois registry data leaked and domains redirected (e.g., google.com.py) (20 Feb) The number of Web servers surpass 1billion (see chart below) ICANN announces that it has begun allocating the remaining IPv4 addresses to the five regional Internet registries after LACNIC's provide dropped to below eight million (20 May) After an EU courtroom ruling requiring Google to honor "requests to be forgotten", 12,000 requests are submitted in the primary day (30 May) Many networks are taken offline resulting from a Verizon glitch introducing hundreds of new prefixes into the worldwide routing desk, causing popular but unpatched Cisco routers to succeed in their 512,000 limit and crash (12 Aug) RFC 7168: The Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol for Tea Efflux Appliances (HTCPCP-TEA) RFC 7169: The NSA (No Secrecy Afforded) Certificate Extension Hacks of the Year: Sony Pictures, Home Depot, JP Morgan, eBay Bugs of the 12 months: Heartbleed (Dec 2011 - 7 Apr), Poodle (Nov 1996 - 14 Oct), Shellshock (Sep 1989 - 24 Sep) ICANN domain auction gross sales (US$): .tech (6.76M), .realty (5.59M), .salon (5.1M), .purchase (4.6M), .mls (3.359M), .baby (3.09M), .vip (3M), .spot (2.2M) US$1M+ Domain Sales: mm.com (1.2M in Jul), intercourse.xxx (3M in Jun), medicare.com (4.8M in May), mi.com (3.6M in Apr), 37.com (1.96M in Mar), youxi.com (2.43M in Mar), whisky.com (3.1M in Jan) 2015 A Georgian scavenging for copper cuts off a lot of the Internet in neighbouring Armenia when her spade slices a buried cable (28 Mar) Largest TLDs by zone dimension as of 2Q: .com, .tk, .de, .internet, .cn, .uk, .org, .ru, .nl, .data Largest ccTLDs by zone measurement as of 2Q: .tk, .de, .cn, .uk, .ru, .nl, .eu, .br, .au, .fr HTTP header "X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett" is served by ~84,000 websites (Jun) 3 months after Sir Pratchett's death Let's Encrypt holds key ceremony to generate the root key and intermediary certificates for its free certificate authority (four Jun) and issues the first certificate for helloworld.letsencrypt.org on 14 Sep U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) internet neutrality rule takes effect (12 Jun) ARIN activates IPv4 Unmet Requests coverage, rejecting an IPv4 block request for the primary time (1 Jul). ARIN's free pool depletes on 24 Sep. Out of 100 billion month-to-month Google searches, those from cell devices surpass desktops for the primary time 1 billion customers (1 in 7 folks on Earth) access Facebook on a single day (24 Aug) IANA designates .onion a special use area for anonymous hidden services on the Tor community (9 Sep) WordPress powers 25% of web pages as of early November Most of the interior Internet connectivity in Azerbaijan is lost because of a fireplace in a telecommunications facility (sixteen Nov) RFC 7511: Scenic Routing for IPv6 RFC 7514: Really Explicit Congestion Notification (RECN) Hacks of the Year: US Office of Personnel Management, Ashley Madison, Anthem, T-Mobile, IRS ICANN area public sale sales (US$): .app (25M), .resorts (2.2M), .ping (1.5M) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porno.com (8.8M in Feb), PX.com (1M in Sep), 588.com (1M in Sep) 2016 Internet Society celebrates 25th anniversary (1 Jan) Let's Encrypt issues millionth certificate (eight Mar), 2M (21 Apr), 10M (9 Sep), 20M (27 Nov) ICANN introduces 1000th gTLD from 2012 software window (25 May) United Nations Human Rights Council adopts a decision on the promotion, safety and enjoyment of human rights on the web (27 Jun) A California District Court Judge grants a motion for what's thought to be the first permitted serving of a lawsuit through Twitter (30 Sep) DDoS assaults wreak havoc across the Internet with some topping over 1Tbps in bandwidth and powered by over 150,000 hacked Internet units Several distinguished Internet sites become unreacheable as area infrastructure supplier Dyn is knocked offline by a DDoS attack (21 Oct) IPv6 reaches 10% deployment globally, and becomes the dominant (>50%) Internet protocol for US mobile networks Coordination and administration of the Internet's unique identifiers transition to the private sector as the IANA contract between ICANN and the US Dept of Commerce's NTIA expires (1 Oct) Yahoo discloses 500 million accounts compromised in 2014 (22 Sep) and that 1 billion accounts were compromised in Aug 2013 (14 Dec) .cn surpasses .tk in ccTLD zone measurement Annual world IP site visitors surpasses 1 zettabyte US$1M+ Domain Sales: HG.com (3.7M in Nov), Vivo.com (2.1M in Nov), Jade.com (1.25M in Jul), LA.com (1.2M in May) 2017 IETF enters into an settlement with the National Library of Sweden for archival of RFC series in NLS' bunker (16 Jan) Dozens of politically motivated Internet shutdowns occur globally including in Cameroon (Jan-Apr), Togo (Sep), and Equatorial Guinea (Nov) (:db1:) Average volume of encrypted site visitors on Firefox surpasses the average unencrypted volume (Feb) and reaches 66% by year finish dmoz.org, an early web directory, shuts down after 19 years (17 Mar) AfriNIC is the last Regional Internet Registry to run out of IPv4 addresses (Apr) WannaCry ransomware assault spreads to over a hundred and fifty international locations (12 May) IPv6 connectivity advertised by 9M domain names and 23% of all networks Let's Encrypt reaches 100M certificates milestone (28 Jun) A safety researcher is ready to "hijack" the .io TLD by registering expired nameserver domain names (5 Jul) W3C introduced publication of Encrypted Media Extensions, an online-based digital-rights administration functionality, leading to the primary attraction request in its historical past (6 Jul) Equifax credit company discovers a breach of its programs that resulted in the disclosure of delicate data on 145M+ individuals (29 Jul) Facebook and different social media services are found to have been used by overseas governments to affect elections in the U.S. and different nations Google leaks 160,000 BGP routes in Chicago with 25,000+ of them for NTT OCN vastly impacting Internet traffic in Japan (25 Aug) Hurricanes knock out Internet service to Puerto Rico and other Caribbean islands for extended durations (Aug-Sep) Russia announces plans to develop a backup DNS system to be used by BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to be applied within one year Zimbabwe loses most of its Internet entry for a number of hours as a result of simultaneous outages at two primary worldwide suppliers, together with a tractor fiber lower in South Africa (5 Dec) IP addresses for Google, Facebook, Apple, and others, are re-routed to Russian provider Megafon when considered one of its transit suppliers leak route information to the global Internet (12 Dec) U.S. FCC votes to repeal web neutrality (14 Dec) AOL Instant Messenger (Aim) and CompuServe Forums cease service after 20+ years (15 Dec) U.S. Library of Congress proclaims it should cease archiving each tweet at yr finish Facebook reaches 2 billion lively monthly customers, YouTube 1.5B, WhatsApp 1.2B, WeChat 889M, Instagram 700M, Twitter 330M Number of area name registrations across all TLDs surpasses 330M, with 130M in .com, 145M throughout ccTLDs, and 21M across new gTLDs, as of 3Q Largest TLDs by zone size as of 3Q: .com, .cn, .tk, .de, .internet, .uk, .org, .ru, .information, .nl Largest ccTLDs by zone size as of 3Q: .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .ru, .nl, .br, .eu, .au, .fr Largest new world TLD (ngTLDs) as of 3Q: .xyz, .mortgage, .prime, .win, .club, .online, .vip, .wang, .bid, .site RFC 8135: Complex Addressing in IPv6 RFC 8136: Additional Transition Functionality for IPv6 RFC 8140: The Arte of ASCII: Or, An True and Accurate Representation of an Menagerie of Thynges Fabulous and Wonderful in Ye Forme of Character US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fly.com (2.89M in May), ETH.com (2M in Oct), Freedom.com (2M in May), 01.com (1.82M in Feb), 20.com (1.75M in Apr), MyWorld.com (1.2M in Oct)

For those who enjoy the Timeline or make use of it indirectly, please let me know. Growth

Early Internet progress: Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks Domains ----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- --------- 12/sixty nine 4 | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900 06/70 9 | 10/89 159,000 837 10/70 eleven | 10/ninety 313,000 2,063 9,300 12/70 thirteen | 01/91 376,000 2,338 04/71 23 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000 10/72 31 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000 01/seventy three 35 | 01/92 727,000 4,526 06/seventy four 62 | 04/92 890,000 5,291 20,000 03/77 111 | 07/ninety two 992,000 6,569 16,300 12/seventy nine 188 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,a hundred 08/81 213 | 01/93 1,313,000 8,258 21,000 05/eighty two 235 | 04/ninety three 1,486,000 9,722 22,000 08/83 562 | 07/ninety three 1,776,000 13,767 26,000 10/eighty four 1,024 | 10/93 2,056,000 16,533 28,000 10/85 1,961 | 01/ninety four 2,217,000 20,539 30,000 02/86 2,308 | 07/ninety four 3,212,000 25,210 46,000 11/86 5,089 | 10/ninety four 3,864,000 37,022 56,000 12/87 28,174 | 01/ninety five 4,852,000 39,410 71,000 07/88 33,000 | 07/ninety five 6,642,000 61,538 120,000 10/88 56,000 | 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000 01/89 80,000 | 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000 | 01/97 16,146,000 828,000 | 07/ninety seven 19,540,000 1,301,000 Hosts = a pc system with registered ip tackle (an A document) Networks = registered class A/B/C addresses Domains = registered area name (with name server report) Figure: Internet Domains (1989-1997) [see below for 2000-] Figure: Internet Networks Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI ____# Countries____ ____# Countries____ Date I B U F O Date I B U F O ----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- --- 09/91 31 forty seven seventy nine 49 02/94 sixty two fifty one 125 88 31 12/91 33 46 78 fifty three 07/94 75 fifty two 129 89 31 02/92 38 46 92 63 11/ninety four 81 51 133 ninety five -- 04/92 forty 47 90 66 25 02/ninety five 86 forty eight 141 98 -- 08/ninety two forty nine 46 89 67 26 06/ninety five 96 47 144 ninety nine -- 01/ninety three 50 50 one zero one 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 -- 04/93 fifty six 51 107 79 31 07/97 171 -- 147 108 -- 08/ninety three fifty nine 51 117 84 31 Figure: Worldwide Networks Growth Domain Name Registrations: Figure: Domain Name Registrations (2000-) Internet Hosts: Figure: Internet Hosts

click on right here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Internet WWW Growth: Figure: WWW Growth

click right here for a chart showing the logarithmic development of the Web sites = Variety of web servers (one host may have a number of websites through the use of different domains or port numbers) Notes on causes of signifant increases/drops: - Feb'09 enhance doubtless as a consequence of 20M new Chinese websites served by qq.com - Aug'09 drop seemingly on account of area expiry at the Planet, together with 5M .pl domains served from one IP alleged to be a linkfarm - Jan'10 drop doubtless attributable to qq.com blogs not being publically listed - Jul-Aug'12 drop attributable to removal of several wildcard hostnames with related content - Sep'12 drop attributable to large community of linkfarmed domains disappearing from beneath the .com TLD - Nov'14-Jan'15 drop largely caused by parked web sites, with half attributed to a single IP ceasing to host them Facebook Growth: Figure: Facebook Accounts / Monthly Active Users (MAUs) USENET Growth: Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups ---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------ 1979 three 2 3 | 1987 5,200 2 957 259 1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 four 1933 381 1981 150 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300 1982 four hundred 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851 1983 600 one hundred twenty | 1992 63,000 42 17,556 4,302 1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279 1985 1,300 1.0 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696 1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614 ~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day Security (CERT/US-CERT) Stats: Date Incidents Advisories Vulnerabilities Tech Alerts ---- --------- ---------- --------------- ----------- 1988 6 1 1989 132 7 1990 252 12 1991 406 23 1992 773 21 1993 1,334 19 1994 2,340 15 1995 2,412 18 171 1996 2,573 27 345 1997 2,134 28 311 1998 3,734 13 262 1999 9,859 17 417 2000 21,756 22 774 2001 52,658 37 2,437 2002 82,094 37 4,129 2003 137,529 28 3,784 2004 3,780 27 2005 5,990 22 2006 8,064 39 2007 7,236 forty two 2008Q1-3 6,058 29 Hobbes' Internet Timeline FAQ

1. How do I get Hobbes' Internet Timeline? The Timeline is archived at http://www.zakon.org/robert/web/timeline/. There are not any authorized mirrors for the Timeline. 2. Is the Timeline available in other languages or editions? Chinese (Big5) by Tony Mao French by Didier Mainguy German by Michael Kaul Hungarian by Zsolt Boros Japanese (PDF) by Katsunori Tanaka Korean by Keonho Lee, KNIC Persian / Farsi (PDF) by Rahi Moosavi Portuguese by Simone Villas Boas If you're interested by translating to a different language or format, e mail me first 3. Can I re-print the Timeline or use components of it for ... ? Drop me an email. The reply is most definitely (although do not assume) 'yes' for non-profit use, and 'perhaps' for for-revenue; however to be sure you are not going to interrupt any copyright legal guidelines, drop me an electronic mail and await a reply. Also, please note that I get a bunch of requests with improperly formatted return e-mail addresses. If you do not hear from me in every week (typical flip round is 0. Peddie (Ala Viva!), CWRU (North Side), Amici usque ad aras (PKP OH-EP), Colégio Andrews (Rio), Gordonstoun (Elgin) E-mail me if you know

online xxx Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some of the stand-outs being: Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be." This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993. Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School of Communications, Grand Valley State University. xxx porn Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC Berkeley. porn xxx tub Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net." xxx porn Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below) Quarterman, John. "online xxx." Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990 "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". Encyclopedia of Communications, Volume 1. Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991 Internet growth summary compiled from: - Zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at Note: A more accurate host counting mechanism was used starting with 1/98 count. Now available at: http://www.isc.org - Connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/ - ARPAnet maps published in various sources Domain name registrations compiled from Verisign reports. WWW growth summary compiled from: - Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT: http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html - Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/ USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above, and news.lists postings. Lots of historical USENET postings also provided by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com). CERT growth summary compiled from CERT reports at ftp://ftp.cert.org/ CERT stats are also now being made available by CERT at http://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html Many of the URLs provided by Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch) Country-specific Internet Histories: - Australia - "Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia " by Roger Clarke http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html - Australia - "It Started with a Ping" by Jennie Sinclair http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/Anniv.html - Finland - "History of the Internet in Finland" http://www.isoc.fi/internet/internethistory_finland.html - Russia - "Chronology of the Russian Internet: 1990-1999" http://www.zhurnal.ru/staff/gorny/texts/ru_let/ - UK - "Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK" by Peter Kirstein http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html Additional books of interest: - "How the Web Was Born - The Story of the World Wide Web" by James Gillies and Robert Cailliau - "Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its Inventor" by Tim Berners-Lee - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet" by Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon - "Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet" by Stephen Segaller - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business" by Robert H. Reid - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet" by Michael Hauben et al - "Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue" by Carl Malamud Early works of interest: - "As We May Think" by Vannevar Bush, 1945 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm - "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J.C.R. Licklider, 1960 http://apotheca.hpl.hp.com/ftp/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061.html --- Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are: ad1 - Arnaud Dufour amk - Alex McKenzie bb1 - Billy Brackenridge bt1 - Brad Templeton clg - C. Lee Giles db1 - Dave Belson dhr - David H. Rothman dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg ec1 - Eric Carroll esr - Eric S. Raymond feg - Farrell E. Gerbode gb1 - Gordon Bell gck - Gary C. Kessler glg - Gail L. Grant gmc - Grant McCall gst - Graham Thomas irh - Ian R Hardy jap - Jean Armour Polly jg1 - Jim Gaynor jtl - Jon Leighton kf1 - Ken Fockler kf2 - Kinming Fung lb1 - Larry Backman lhl - Larry H. Landweber mpc - Mellisa P. Chase msb - Majorie S. Blumenthal msh - Michael S. Hart par - Pierre A Renaud pb1 - Paul Burchard pds - Peter da Silva ph1 - Peter Hoffman rab - Roger A. Bielefeld rm1 - Rahi Moosavi sc1 - Susan Calcari sk2 - Stan Kulikowski - see sources section sw1 - Stephen Wolff tb1 - Tim Burress tp1 - Tim Pozar vgc - Vinton Cerf - see sources section wz1 - W. Zorn zby - Zenel Batagelj Archive-name: Hobbes' Internet Timeline Version: 25 Archive-location: http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ Last-updated: 1 January 2018 Maintainer: Robert H'obbes' Zakon, timeline@Zakon.org, www.Zakon.org Description: An Internet timeline highlighting some of the key events and technologies that helped shape the Internet as we know it today.

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